The ways in which ideas were communicated to the audience in War Spectacular

We constructed War Spectacular to be an abstract piece made up of a number of unconnected scenes; this structure enabled us to tell numerous different stories, all with their own message. We realised early in the devising process that in order to keep this piece objective we would have to keep all of the scenes and settings non-specific, if we used the real names of locations, religions or people it may have caused offence to the audience, thus drawing away from our message. There were many different messages we wanted to convey to the audience; however there was one theme which ran throughout the piece, ultimately connecting the disjointed scenes; we were showing the different ‘faces of war'. The first ‘face of war' which we wanted to show was the human element of war. The original concept for the play was to show the affect of a conflict upon two families, show their struggle, and ultimately their collapse. Although this concept was scrapped the themes were kept for use during War Spectacular. You can read also Audience Adaptation Paper If we were to show the human and emotional side of war it was obvious that we needed to use a group of ‘real' characters (opposed to the more abstract characters which would use throughout the play which would lack exposition and depth) who would open up to one another and show their hatred for the conflict. We constructed a scene with three soldiers who had been split from their unit and were forced to take shelter from the enemy in a bomb crater. My character was bitter and angry with my superior who, with his little leadership experience had got them no closer to safety. With talk of home and arguments together the two showed their insecurities and ultimately their fear. In this scene home was constructed to be the place which was away from this conflict, it is ‘safe, it's warm†¦ and dry'. However, in the scene ‘War spectacular' this ideal of home was destroyed. The execution of a man within his own house was used to show that war is now not just on the battlefields but in our streets and homes. This intrusion of safety was not just meant literally but metaphorically too – with modern media we are spared no detail of a conflict; past generations believed that their ‘brave boys' were safe and doing the good of the country, now the truth is only too evident. At the beginning of the devising process I was very keen to have a subtext of media manipulation throughout the play; this was achieved through two scenes. First I wanted to make the ironic point about the hypocrisy of a news report (‘War Spectacular' by Kate Adie) which compares a missile launch to a fireworks display, and then attempts to convey the reporters concern for the human suffering of mugged refugees. Reciting this piece while playing Holst's Saturn, an eerie classical track gave the reading a strange poetic nature which a war report really shouldn't have. This recital was made DSR, whilst a soldier robbed a dead body CS; this abstract staging was used to show the reporters obliviousness to the events which were actually happening around her. With these juxtapositions, the article lost all the sincerity with which it may have be written; showing how easy it is to both overlook the true meaning of news we are being provided with, and how what we are being shown with can never be the full story, and just the observations of one person. The second scene showing our media subtext was our most complex, both to construct and to perform. Set in a Middle Eastern bar we meet three journalists, Danny Richards, Kate Stevens and Malcolm Grey – Danny and Kate are both shown as rookies and Malcolm the veteran. A number of flashbacks are used throughout the scene as a means of exposition for each of the characters but also showing their different journalistic styles. Half way through the journalist scene we cut to Kate standing DSR reporting from the aftermath of a missile attack. We see her emotional report which describes a graphic and horrific scene. When her report is finished she asks the cameraman ‘brutal enough? ‘ – again showing the hypocrisy of the so-called emotionally attached reporter. Continuing in the bar Malcolm questions Danny's integrity, calling him a ‘Two-bit rookie' in response to this the audience is shown an interview between Danny, an interpreter and a woman living in a village which has been raided by American troops. This scene was used to show how drastically information can become. Statements coming from the village woman, through the interpreter and then to Danny are changed ‘Chinese whispers' style until their meaning has been completely lost. For example, the word ‘Americans' is changed to ‘military' and then to ‘militants'. We ensured that it was the interpreter which made the most drastic mistakes, showing that it was not Danny who was at fault, and that this corruption of the truth could happen even to the most professional reporters. So to contrast this media orientated aspect of war we wanted to show a side of war that has very little understanding to it; the new warfare of fanaticism and blind allegiance. However much research we did for these roles it was always impossible to collect information which was objective as everything that we had collected was opinionated and not factual. With this stigma in mind, I felt that it was important to work with the theme of connection between all human beings which had been established in the opening scene as it would have been easy to just cast the characters in this section as inhuman, and so we worked to show the audience familiarities with these characters that they otherwise would have trouble connecting with. With the child soldier it was the shock of his revealed age which worked to remind the audience that the ‘inhuman' soldier was still a small boy, and as the audience was made up of students and parents we felt that this would force them to think of children close to them. Similarly, the suicide bomber, whilst fanatical, still showed very human traits. He had thoughts of his family, performed this act because he believed that he was right and ‘just', and ultimately showed fear. In contrast to this very new attitude to war we wanted to depict a very old fashioned warfare which looking back on it is now highly comical. The ‘new generation' of weaponry was presented to the audience in the form of a ‘1950's style' advert. The main purpose for this scene was to provide the audience with a comic relief from the seriousness of the play. However, whilst this was an opportunity to relax placing this scene previous to the suicide bomber scene it to show a drastic change in attitude to warfare, whilst the character of the advert believed that that their weapons would drive the empire into the 20th century, the suicide bomber represents a very modern and much more dangerous enemy; one which does not have a flag or country, but just a cause and the will to cause destruction. The piece was concluded with the recital of the poem, ‘All things are connected' which we quoted for the opening sequence. With lines such as ‘Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it' it worked well to convey our themes of unison as a race – although the hope of total peace is a fantasy, it is the theme which ultimately runs throughout the whole of the piece.

Personality in Politics: Analyzing George W. Bush Essay

The relationship between personality, experience, and political decision-making has been established in several studies. This has been undertaken using â€Å"at a distance techniques† which evaluate the relationship using biographies, speeches, and text from interviews. One of the most prominent names that focused on the predictive ability of personality on political styles and actions of world leaders has been renowned political scientists Margaret Hermann. Hermann lists six factors that influence the impact of world leaders on foreign policy. â€Å"1) what their world view is; 2) what their political style is like; 3) what motivates them to have the position they do; 4) whether they are interested in and have training in foreign affairs; 5) what the foreign policy climate was like when the leader was starting out his or her political career; and 6) how the leader was socialized into his or her present position. † Essentially, personality, background, and previous experiences shape the foreign policy-making behavior of world leaders. This becomes especially clear when leaders confront a national crisis. How a leader conducts foreign affairs in the midst of crisis heightens his level of control on decision-making and resources. It is during this time that the interplay of personality and experience can be evaluated on their impact on the leader’s words and actions. Personality is a significant modifier in a leader’s foreign policy-making behavior. This was posited by Hermann in her leadership analysis of 51 world leaders. Hermann (2003) defined personality to be a mixture of seven traits. These were â€Å"`1) belief in ability to control events, 2) conceptual complexity, 3) need for power, 4) distrust of others, 5) in-group bias, 6) self-confidence, and 7) task orientation. † This paper applies this mode of analysis on George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States with an emphasis on his behavior during the September 11 Crisis and the Iraq War. Bush displayed high belief in his ability to control events, a personality trait related to how an individual perceives his control over political circumstances and his perception on the influence or significance of his state in resolving a foreign policy issue. Judging on his pronouncements about the righteousness of the Iraq War and the responsibility of the US and its allies to stop Saddam Hussein, Bush was strong, even arrogant in his belief that the US must wage war, even going against the judgment of the United Nations Security Council, â€Å"America will never seek a permission slip to defend the security of our people. † In terms of his conceptual complexity, Bush was more inclined to see foreign affairs in black and white terms than appreciate it to be the result of a myriad of factors. Bush displays a straightforward binary stance on the positioning of countries in foreign affairs, most notably the classification that all US action is good and countries better follow it. In his speech precursor to the US campaign after September 11, Bush said, â€Å"Every nation in every region now has a decision to make: Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists. † In analyzing the causes of foreign policy problems, Bush went for the superficial explanation in place of the complex one. In terms of self-confidence, Bush displays high levels of optimism and fervor despite being placed in tight situations. His well-known Bushisms, for instance, seemed to have not marred his confidence or his nature. Despite his numerous verbal fiascos such as in addressing families of victims of September 11, â€Å"They misunderestimated the compassion of our country†¦ I talk to families who die,† Bush has managed to even make fun of himself. In sum, the foreign policy decisions of George W. Bush were reflective of his personality that is characterized by high belief in ability to control events, low conceptual complexity, and high degree of self-confidence. His personality and background created a foreign policy legacy which became detrimental to his party’s bid for the 2010 presidential seat. Bibliography CNN. â€Å"State of the Union Address,† (2004) http://edition. cnn. com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/sotu. transcript. 1/index. html (accessed May 8, 2010). CNN. â€Å"Transcript of President Bush’s address. † (2001) http://edition. cnn. com/2001/US/09/20/gen. bush. transcript/ (accessed May 8, 2010). Feller, Ben, â€Å"Analysis: Bush’s Personality Shapes His Legacy. † MSNBC (Jan. 3, 2009), http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/28482517/ (accessed May 8, 2010). Hermann, Margaret, â€Å"Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders. † International Studies Quarterly (1983) 24:7-46. Hermann, Margaret, â€Å"Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis,† in The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders, ed. J. M. Post (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003).

Green Thinking and Green Product Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Green Thinking and Green Product Design - Essay Example In order to make this clear, the discussion will involve the study of America as the representatives of consumerism, while the developed Asian countries as the representatives of technology. The developed Asian countries in question will include China and Japan since their development has mainly relied on the advancement in technology. The discussion will take the economic downturn of West, represented by America, as a result of consumerism while considering the rise of Asian countries on technology. The West consumer culture is a culture which advocates for the satisfaction of the consumers’ desires rather than their actual needs meaning. The chapter will need further investigation on how consumerism has actually affected the West Economy, leading to the economic downturn; and how technological advancement in China has lead to a possibility of the country outcompeting USA in terms of economic development. The western countries, particularly America has heavily relied on consumption rather than technological advancement. The countries have not considered shifting to a service economy with the main fruit of consumerism being materialism and the ultimate individualism. This is a weak point in illustrating the economic downturn of the West countries. Schumacher asserts, â€Å"Wisdom demands a new orientation of science and technology towards the organic, the gentle, the non-violent, the elegant and beautiful.(1973:20). It is true that the early technological development such as paper making, woodblock and movable type printing contributed to the growth of China implying that it rose as a scientific nation oriented with technology. Further, the chapter would also deal with the study of how the green thinking is reflected in the government’s activities. This is helpful to determine whether the government is in a position of accommodating the emerging technology in their everyday operation. Particularly, the government has been on the verge of improving its strategies of development. The discussion will look into the ways in which the government has tried putting up with the advancement in technology.  

The Hunchback of Notre Dame Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Research Paper Example It was saved from destruction and restored to its marvelous state by a famous French architect known as Eugene Viollet -le- Duc1. Many Francophone countries use the name Notre Dame in Catholic churches as it means Our Lady. Understanding the structure and significance of the building requires proper movement through the building. The Notre Dame de Paris was believed to among the first cathedrals constructed in Gothic design with its construction period spanning around the Gothic era. Its stained glass and sculptures show the powerful influence of naturalism which was different from the Romanesque architecture. The building was among the first buildings to use the arched exterior supports also known as the flying buttress. The original design was not made to include the implementation of flying buttress around the nave and choir. During construction, the thinner walls made in Gothic style began growing higher thus causing stress fractures to occur due to outward movement of the walls. To counter the move the architects of the cathedral built supports around the outer walls, later on, more additions were added to the pattern. In the 1790s the cathedral underwent desecration throughout the radical phase of the revolutionary French revolution when most of the religious imagery was destroyed or damaged. The 19th century was marked as a period of conducting a restoration project on the cathedral to return it to its marvelous state2. The cathedral was opened by a bishop of Paris known as Maurice de Sully in 1160 who had the idea of converting the two ruin basilicas into a single building for the large-scale purpose. In 1163 Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone and consecration of the high altar began in 1189.By 1250 the nave, western facade, and choir had been completed and the next 100 years saw the addition of chapels, porches and other embellishments.

Strategic Quality and Systems Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Quality and Systems Management - Essay Example For better results, all the workers in the organization should participate in the approach. This is because teamwork is part of all the processes taking place in the organization such as processing, product services, and sales. To attain the preferred results, various stages have to be undergone. The strategic plan should be revised to make sure that it incorporates with the organization. It is through this revision that past strategies and initiatives will be highlighted. Any weaknesses will be noted and given priority in the new strategic plan to make sure it works. Remarkably, the customer is presumed to be right; hence, his/her voice should be heard and attended to. Employees should collect data from customers on their views on the product and customer satisfaction. Analyzing the data will help in the provision of the right product standards and qualities.Additionally, a strategic implementation plan will be launched to improve on the quality of the food produced to ensure that it is unique and acquires a larger market share. It should have its goals and objectives. The planned strategic change has to be embraced by all the employees in order to work hence the human resource department has got involved. It will help in the provision of new ideas to employees who will reflect them in their processing, marketing, and sales departments. To facilitate the change, resources must be pumped in the projects. They may be obtained from loans, capital, profits, or equities. They will be used to improve product quality and manage supply channels to ensure that the customer is satisfied on the produced foods. Quality management will help monitor changes to suit customer preferences leading to increased sales and profits. Internally, it may be arrived at through training, coaching and motivating the employees who will in turn provide good results in the issue of quality management. Externally, good relations with the suppliers will ensure supply of

Expansionary Economic Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Expansionary Economic Policy - Research Paper Example These tools moves the economy out of recession by affecting the money supply, interest rates, spending, aggregate demand, gross domestic product and employment. The goal of every economy is to operate at full employment equilibrium. The policy which can do the job of stabilising the equilibrium output to the full employment level is known as stabilisation policy. There are two types of stabilisation policy. They are fiscal policy and monetary policy. Fiscal policy refers to any change in ‘fisc’ which means treasury. In a broad sense the change in fisc is brought about by changes in the revenue -expenditure policy of the Fed. Summary of revenue and expenditure can be represented by the government budget. The budget has two elements : tax revenue (T) constituting the major source of government revenue and government expenditure (G). The monetary policy refers to any change in money supply brought about by the monetary authority. One of the most important way in which the monetary authority can affect the credit market is open market operations (OMO). In OMO the Fed makes sales and purchases of Government securities in open market . Another instrument of the monetary policy is the change in the required reserve ratio. The required reserves are the minimum balance that the Fed requires a bank to hold in the vault cash or on deposit with the Fed. The percentage of such deposits are called the required reserve ratio. The third instrument is the discount rate. Changes in the discount rate occur when The Fed changes the rate of interest on loans (Tucker,2008). In order to analyse the effects of fiscal and monetary undertaken by The Fed we consider commodity, money and labour

Public relations news release Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public relations news release - Assignment Example h almost 19 years of experience in the academia, impressed the Grove search committee enough to be considered eligible for deanship of the business school at Grove. While having served in different academic positions over the years including vice deanship at a business school, Suarez has never been the dean at any school before. â€Å"This is my dream job and there is no place I’d rather be than at one of the best institutions in the world,† Suarez added. Born and raised in Joplin, Suarez is a married man in his fifties and fathers two children. â€Å"We feel fortunate to be able to secure a person who is so highly qualified to lead our outstanding business program,† said Luke Hammer, 62, a former CEO at Logitech and the current president at Grove. â€Å"We expect great things from Carlos Suarez, and we know he’ll take us to new heights.† Grove College is a private college that seeks to equip its students with the skills and knowledge needed to excel globally. The nationally ranked business school at Grove offers degrees in finance, management, marketing and accounting among others, with a total current enrollment of 10,000 undergraduate and 2,000 graduate

The Forties World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Forties World War II - Essay Example Churning process was going on in America that altered the political equations. The economic and social measures introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt brought about structural changes in the economy and the political scenario of America, with massive buildup of infrastructure and fillip to the art and cultural fronts. On the other hand, deep psychological fissures took concrete shape and administrative measures were taken to keep a watch on the ethnic groups belonging to the enemy country. Even though majority of them were citizens of America, the war situation rendered them suspect as a community. This created another area of dissention within the American society. Whether legally justified or not, American administration had no other option but to keep a close watch with some harsh measures, on the section of the population that was considered sympathetic to the enemy. The entire nation was in turmoil. Labor groups and student unions were taking up the path of communist ideology. Marxist study groups were formed at many universities for teaching that ideology to professors and students. American administration began to develop the infrastructure on a massive scale and cultural renaissance was afforded priority to keep the people engaged in arts and culture and the Federal Government took respon sibility to develop these areas. Unionization was recognized and regulated by law and this provided fillip to the worker’s movement. Most importantly, the Social Security Act was passed that ensured the welfare of the senior citizens on retirement. The Wealth Tax Act taxed the rich, brought new high revenues to the Government and a sense of relief amongst the poor that the Government is paying attention to their welfare. Japan was the enemy country and the people of Japanese origin were ordered to be interned by Executive Order No.9066 by the President Franklin D, Roosevelt issued

Implications of Complementary Jurisdiction in International Law Essay

Implications of Complementary Jurisdiction in International Law - Essay Example At the same time, the Trinidad and Tobago delegation’s proposal was not new because there draft criminal tribunal statutes in 1951 and 1953. The Rome Statute of the ICC is an important document establishing the International Criminal Court. The Statute was entered into force in 2002. One important principle in the Rome Statute of the ICC is the principle of complementary jurisdiction. The principle of complementary jurisdiction or â€Å"complementarity principle† means that the International Criminal Court, hereinafter simply called as the â€Å"Court†, â€Å"can only investigate and prosecute core international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide) when national jurisdiction are unable or unwilling to do so genuinely.† Morten Bergsmo contrasted complementary jurisdiction from universal jurisdiction. According to Morten, universal jurisdiction â€Å"is a jurisdictional basis of last resort which a number of national crime justice system provide for, when core international crimes can not be prosecuted on the basis of the principle of territoriality (in the state where the crimes occurred), active nationality (in the state of the alleged perpetrator) or passive nationality (in the state of the victim).† According to Bergsmo, â€Å"in its pure form, universal jurisdiction enables the prosecution of core international crimes committed in a foreign state, by a foreign citizen, against foreign victims, when neither has a personal link to the forum state.†... the state of the alleged perpetrator) or passive nationality (in the state of the victim).†3 According to Bergsmo, â€Å"in its pure form, universal jurisdiction enables the prosecution of core international crimes committed in a foreign state, by a foreign citizen, against foreign victims, when neither has a personal link to the forum state.† 4 Nevertheless, universal jurisdiction â€Å"plays a small, but very significant, role in the new and still developing framework of international criminal law.†5 Hall said that universal jurisdiction performs at least two important roles in complementary jurisdiction: as a catalyst for investigations and prosecutions both at the national and international levels and for addressing impunities that cannot be addressed by complementary jurisdiction alone.6 II. Complementary Jurisdiction as Implied in the Rome Statute of the ICC The notion of complementary jurisdiction has been a concerned in the last 20 years.7 Based on the wor k of Oscar Solera, the notion of complementary jurisdiction emerged because punishment of international crimes is essential to world peace but it is not only the international court that has the jurisdiction and competence to try criminals but also the domestic courts.8 According to Solera, the question of complementary jurisdiction was only addressed â€Å"in depth† since the 1980s. The issue of complementary jurisdiction was one of the thorny points in the creation of the international criminal court as it was included several times in the agenda â€Å"but was not taken up by any specific working group in its agenda and was thus left to the Committee of the Whole.†9 Solera pointed out that the concept of complementary jurisdiction â€Å"was finally accepted as proposed by the Preparatory Committee and explicitly

Mars chocolate supply chain process Essay Example for Free

Mars chocolate supply chain process Essay The chocolate supply chain involves everyone who plays a part in producing chocolate,from local governments to international certification organizations and multi-national manufacturers. To achieve sucess, all of these players must collaborate effectively and prioritize farmer benefit at origin over competitive advantage. By putting farmers first and training them , Mars is aiming to strengthen its supply chain as a whole and to move towards a more sustainable cocoa economy. Most of the cocoa imported by MARS is grown by individual cocoa farmers and their families on plots smaller than five acres (two hectares) in rural parts of West Africa, Asia and the America. Local buyers in these countries collect cocoa beans from many farmers, either after harvest or after they have been dried or fermented. Exporters then buy cocoa beans from a network of the local buyers and prepare them for international shipping and processing to Mars factories . The exporter can be a local marketing company, a global commodity trader, an international agricultural business, a cocoa processor or a government In Africa, Mars has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ivorian government for long-term collaboration and investment in cocoa. It is also working closely with the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD), the Brazilian National Research Center (CEPLAC) and the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture to obtain better quality for chocolate manufacturing. Mars is the first global chocolate company to commit to sourcing all of their cocoa from certified sources by 2020. In 2011, they purchased 10% of their cocoa from certified sources, and in 2012 exceeded it to 20 percent and become the world’s largest user of certified cocoa. They currently buy cocoa certified by the Rainforest Alliance, UTZ Certified and Fairtrade. While consumer choices determine demand throughout the cocoa market, it is the manufacturer that meets this demand directly and so sets standards that affect the whole supply chain. Having such an influential role means manufacturers have a duty to ensure that the supply chain supporting their products operates in a responsible and sustainable way. Although Mars cannot have direct relationships with every individual farmer, by choosing to use certified cocoa in their products, the company aims to enable industry-wide improvements in productivity, incomes and sustainability. When the cocoa beans arrive at the factory they are processed into the cocoa products that can be used in manufacturing chocolate. These include cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder. Most processing occurs away from the countries where cocoa is grown because it is more efficient to process and manufacture the products close to where they will be consumed.. What happens during processing has a direct effect on the flavor and qualities of the resulting chocolate. The taste and texture of a particular chocolate product depends on the each recipie , which remains a guarded secret of the company. Mars uses different types and proportions of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and other ingredients such as milk and sugar to make their products consistent with the brand. They use a mix of beet and cane sugar in our chocolate and confectionery products and source most of it within the region in which it will be used. For several years, they have worked closely with direct suppliers to ensure our sugar is responsibly sourced, while maintaining the highest levels of quality . They need a consistent and high-quality supply of peanuts for some of our most popular products, including SNICKERSÂ ® and MM’SÂ ®. Jointly funding the U. S. Peanut Resources and Efficiency Measures Report conducted by the independent research firm IHS Global Insight, which found major potential improvements in farming practices among U. S. peanut farmers as they are its major suppliers . Dairy ingredients are a critical component of many of our milk chocolate and caramel brands . These are obtained by collaborating with other consumer brand companies and suppliers throughout the local markets that comply with the companys supplier code of conduct . The finished chocolate product is then packaged. The packaging is made in the factory usuing materials such as metal , paper and plastics which is purchased locally. Their strategy is to reduce, recycle and rethink our packaging. This is not easy, as alternative materials that appear more sustainable in one respect often have a greater impact elsewhere. They use lifecycle assessment to ensure that they do not make progress in one area, only to undermine it somewhere else . For packaging they also work with suppliers, universities, other industries and expert partners to share learning and innovation. In Australia, Wrigley committed to the National Packaging Covenant in 2005, and has signed the updated Australian Packaging Covenant . The finished product is via the company owned transport local distributors. The distributors can be individuals , a private enterprise or the government which transport the chocolate to local stores and marts and also to exporters of the finished products . As one of the leading food manufacturers in the world, Mars has a significant international presence in more than 73 countries.

Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS) Drugs acting in CNS were among the first to be discovered by primitive humans and are still the most widely used group of pharmacologic agents. In addition to their use in therapy, many drugs acting on the CNS are used without prescription to increase ones sense of well being. The mechanism by which various drugs act in the CNS have not been clearly understood. In last three decades, however, dramatic advances have been made in the methodology of CNS pharmacology. It is now possible to study the action of a drug on individual cells and even single ion channels with synapses. The information obtained from such studies is on the basis for several major developments in studies of the CNS. These are the classification of CNS acting drugs. In addition to many medical uses, drugs acting on the cns are using worldwide i.e. alcohol, nicotine, caffeine with various degrees of societal controls due to production of addiction or dysfunctional behaviours. We know that CNS acting agents mainly exert their effects by modulation of synaptic transmission of information between neurons. These actions alter the electrical exciteability of nerve cells by changing the movement of chemical ions across  nerve and neuron cell membrane. In general, these drugs ct on a receptor to directly or indirectly open or close ion channels in the cell membrane and thus make the nerve cell more exciteable with regard to its ability to send information. ION CHANNELS: The membrane of nerve cells contain two types of channels defined on the basis of the mechanism controlling their gating: voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels.Voltage gated channels see Table-1 are respond to changes in the membrane potential of the cell.In nerve cells, these channels are concentrated on the initial segment and the axon and are responsible for the fast action potential,which transmitthe signal from cell body to nerve terminal. There are many types of voltage-sensitive calcium and potassium channels on the cell body, dendrites and initial segment, which act on a much slower time scale and modulate the rate at which the neuron discharge. CHANNEL TYPE MODE OF TOXIN ACTION:  Tetrodotoxin VOLTAGE-GATED:  Blocks channel from outside MODE OF TOXIN ACTION:  Betrachotoxin VOLTAGE-GATED:  Slows inactivation MODE OF TOXIN ACTION:  Apamin VOLTAGE-GATED:  Blocks small Ca-activated K-channels MODE OF TOXIN ACTION:  Agatoxin VOLTAGE-GATED:  Blocks p-type channels MODE OF TOXIN ACTION:  Omega-conotoxin VOLTAGE-GATED:  Blocks n-type channels MODE OF TOXIN ACTION:  Charybdotoxin VOLTAGE-GATED:  Blocks big Ca-activated K-channels IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL NEUROTRANSMITTER: Because drug selectivity is based on the fact that different pathways use different transmitters, a primary goal of neuropharmacologists is to identify the transmitter in CNS pathways. Establishing that a chemical substance is a transmitter has been far more difficult for central synapses than for peripheral synapses. The following criteria have been established for transmitter identification: LOCALIZATION: Approaches prove that a suspected transmitter resides in the presynaptic terminal of the pathway uder study include biochemical analysis of regional concentrations of suspected transmitters and immunocutochemical techniques for enzymes and peptides. RELEASE: To determine whether the substance is released from a particular region, local collection of the extracellular fluid can sometimes be accomplished. In addition, slices of brain tissue can be electically or chemically stimulated in vitro and the released substances measured. To determine whether release is relevant to synaptic transmission, it is important to establish that the release is calcium-dependent. SYNAPTIC MIMICRY: Finally, application of the suspected substance should produce a response that mimics the action of the transmitter released by nerve stimulation. Furthermore, application of the selective antagonist should block the response. The excitatory neurotransmitter released from these cells is in most instances. The information is typically phasic and bursts of action potential. Microionophoresis, which permits highly localized drug administration, has been a valuable technique in assessing the action of suspected transmitter. Because of the complexity of the CNS, specific pharmacologic antagonism of a synaptic response provides a particular powerful technique for transmitter identification. DRUG CONCENTRATION AND INTESITY OF ITS EFFECTS: Intensity of pharmacological effect is given as, Intensity of effect= DRUGS ACTING UPON CNS: CAFFEINE: Caffeine and the chemically related xanthenes, theophylline and theobromine Decreases in the order given in their stimulatory action.They are over-the-counter drugs, used to block adenosine receptor as an antagonist. AMPHETAMINE: The stimulation caused by excessive release of norepinephrine from storage sites in the peripheral nervous system. It is not known whether the same action occurs in the CNS. Two other theories regarding for their action are that they are degraded slower than epinephrine or that they could act on serotonin receptor sites. NARCOTICS: Narcotic agents are potent and effective for the relief of severe pain. Analgesics are selective cns drug to reduce pain.Long term administration produces tolerance, pstchic and physical dependence. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS AND STIMULANTS: CNS DEPRESSANTS: CNS depressants slows down normal brain functions. In higher doses, some CNS depressants can become general anesthetics. Tranquilizers and sedatives are example of CNS depressants. CNS depressants are based on two groups such as: CNS STIMULANTS: Stimulants increase alertness, attention and energy which are accompanied by increases in blood pressure rate and respiration. Stimulants were used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, neurological disorder and a variety of other ailments. As their potential for abuse and addiction became apparent to wane. Now, stimulants are prescribed for treating only a few health conditions, include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression that has not responded to other treatment. It is also used for short-term treatment of obesity and for patients of asthma. INTODUCTION TO SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC: Interms of drugs, sedative refers to a substance that moderates the activity and excitement while inducing a calming effect, while hypnotic effect refers to a substance that causes drowsiness and facilitates the onset and maintenance of natural sleep. The term anxiolytic is sometimes applied to a sedative-hypnotic; however, be aware that many drugs especially the selective serotonin secretion reuptake inhibitors are useful as a chronic anxiolytic dug demonstrated by their efficacy in certain psychiatric disordres like generalized anxiety disorder. THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS: SEDATION: All drugs in this class produce sedation,, with relief of anxiety. Benzodiazepenes also exert anterograde amnesic effects (i.e the inhability to remember events occuring during the drug action ) at sedative doses. The amnesic action is a primary reason some benzodiazepenes ( i.e., midozam ) are commonly used for short duration invasive procedures. They donot provide pain relief however, and must be used in conjunction with analgesics. HYPNOSIS: Sedative-hypnotics promote sleep onset and increase the duration of sleep. All of the sedative-hypnotics will induce sleep if given in high enough dose. Rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep stages are usually decreased at high doses. REM rebound can be detected following termination of sedative-hypnotics. ANESTHESIA: At high doses, sedative- hypnotic produce a loss of consciousness with amnesia at high level and a suppression of reflexes. Anesthsia can be produced by most barbiturates and some benzodiazepene, which is generally used frequently as a induction agent for general anesthesia. Only three, diazepam, midazolam and lorazepam are formulated I.V. ANTI-CONVULSANT AGENT: Most barbiturates and some benzodiazepene suppress seizures activity at high dose. However, often this occur along with marked sedation. Selective have anti-convulsant activity and can decrease the spread of epileptiform activity without CNS depression. Some are administered intravenously to treat status epilacticus. MUSCLE RELAXATION: Most sedative-hypnotics causes muscle relaxation at high doses. Diazepam is effective at sedative doses and is useful for treating specific spasticity state including cerebral palsy. TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE: TOLERANCE: Decreased responsiveness to a drug following repeated exposure commonly occurs with the continuous use of sedative-hypnotics. The mechanism of action of sedative-hypnotics are not well known. DEPENDENCE: Psychologicaaly dependence usually occurs wit h most of the sedative-hypnotics with leads to the compulsive use of these agents to reduce anxiety. Physical dependence is the development of withdrawal syndrome occurs when the drugs are discontinued. Withdrawal syndrome includes, tremors, hyper reflexia, and seizures. These symptoms occur most commonly with shorter acting drugs. EFECTS ON CNS WITH INCREASING DOSAGE: Calmness or drowsiness (sedation) Sleep (pharmacological hypnosis) Unconsciousness Coma Surgical anesthesia Fatal respiratory/ cardiac depression INTRODUCTION TO ANALGESICS: An analgesic also known as a painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to relieve pain. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous system they include paracetamol and acetylaminophetol also known in the us as acetaaminophen, the NSAIDs such as the acetyl salicylic acid and opiods drugs such as morphine and opium. They are distinct from anesthesia who reversibly eliminate sensation. In choosing analgesics, the severity and response to the medication determines the pain ladder is originally developed in cancer-related pain is widely applied to find suitable drugs in a step wise manner. The choice is also determined by the type of pain, for neuropathic pain, traditional analgesics are less effective and there is often benefit from classes of drugs that are normally not considred analgesics such as tricyclic anti-depressants and anti-convulsants. WHAT IS PAIN ? Pain is physiological process that can be classified interms of its intensity ( mold, moderate, severe) its duration (acute, convulascent, chronic) its mechaism ( neurologic, nociceptive, physiologic) and its clinical context ( post surgical, malignancy) pain detection or nocicepter requires activation of specialized transducers called nociceptor, see Table-2, which are activating following thermal, mechanical or chemical tissue injury and initiate different transmission of action potential to the dorsal horn of spinal cord. Category:  Physiological Cause:  Brief exposure to a noxious stimulus Symptoms:  Rapid, yet brief pain perception Example:  Touching a pin or hot object Category:  Nociceptive Cause:  Somatic or visceral tissue injury with medication impacting on intact nervous system Symptoms:  Moderate to severe pain, described as crushing, stabbing, usually worsen after the first 24 hours Example:  Surgical pain, traumatic pain, sickel cell crisis Category:  Neuropathic Cause:  Damage of dysfunctional of peripheral nerves or CNS Symptoms:  Severe lancinating, burning or electrical shock like pain Example:  Neuropathy, chronic regional pain syndrome, postherpetic neuralgia Category:  Mixed Cause:  Combined somatic and nervous tissue injury Symptoms:  Combination of symptoms, soft tissue pain and radicular pain Example:  Low back pain, back surgery pain Analgesics are a class of drugs used to relief pain. The pain relief by analgesics occurs either by blocking pain signals or by interfering with the brain interpretation of the signalwithout producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness. There are basically two kinds of analgesics: KINDS OF ANALGESICS: It should be noted that some reference include aspirin and other non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the class of analgesics because they have some analgesic properties. Aspirin and NSAIDs primarily have an anti-inflammatory affect, as opposed to being solely analgesic. NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS: Acetaminophen is the most commonly used over-the-counter, non-narcotic analgesic. Acetaminophen is a popular pain reliver because it is both effective for mild and moderate relief of pain and relatively inexpensive. It must be emphasized though that the safety of acetoaminophen is tied to proper use of the drug (use according to specific prescribed instructions). If acetoaminophen is not used according to the directions on the label, serious side effects and possible fatal consequences can occur. For example, taking more than 4000 mg/day or using it long term can increase the risk of liver damage. The risk of liver damage also increased by ingesting alcohol. Many people donot realize that acetoaminophen is found in more than 600 OTC. It can be found in combination with other active ingredients in many cold, sinus and cough medications. The commulative effect of acetaminophen must be considered if you are taking multiple drugs which contain acetaminophen. NARCOTIC ANALGESICS: There are two types of narcotic analgesics: The opiates (found in alkaloid, opium) The opioids (derivatives of opiates) Opiods are any medication which binds to opioid receptors in the CNS or gastrointestinal tract. There are four broad classes of opioids: Endogenous oopioids peptides (produced in the body: endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins) Opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, theibaine) Semi-synthetic opiods ( heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone) Fully synthetic opioids (pethidine, methadone, fentanyl, propoxyphene, buprenorphine) Opioids are used in medicine as strong analgesics, for relief of severe or chronic pain. There is no upper limit for the dosage of opioids used to achieve pain relief, but the dose must be increased gradually to allow for the development of tolerance to adverse effects ( for eg. Respiratory depression). According to emedicine: some people with intense pain get such high doses would be fatal if taken by someone who was not suffering from pain. PHARMACOLOGY OF SYSTEMIC ANALGESICS: Systemic administration of analgesic drugs is still the most widely used method for providing pain relief in acute painful situations. Opioids may be selected on the basis of their physicochemical characteristics and their diffusion index to the brain. But in clinical practice, their very steep concentration-analgesic effect relationship remains a critical aspect of opioid therapy. Thus, small fluctuations in plasma concentrations of opioids may lead to profound fluctuations in analgesic effect when their plasma and effect-site concentrations are near the minimum effective analgesic concentration (MEAC). Combining drugs acting on different mechanisms of nociceptive modulation offers benefits from additive/synergistic effects and will decrease the incidence of their adverse effects. Evidence-based reviews showed that effective pain relief using non-opioid analgesics relied on paracetamol supplemented with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The role of COX-2 selective inhi bitors (CSIs) in acute pain relief still requires further evaluation. NSAIDs, CSIs and paracetamol share the property of morphine sparing in situations of severe (post-operative) pain. CSIs may be beneficial in patients in whom post-operative bleeding is a major surgical risk as the effects of NSAIDs on coagulation may last for days. Finally, low-dose ketamine infusions remain a worthwhile addition to opioid therapy. Analgesic concentrations of ketamine are 1/5th to 1/10th the anaesthetic concentration and exert significant inhibition on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. There have been debates over the additine potential of opioids vs. the benefits of their analgesic properties for treating non-malignant chronic pain such as chronic arthritis. Some experts believe opioiods can be taken for years without addiction or toxic side effects. The enhanced quality of life which opioids may provide the patient must considered. Common SIDE EFFECTS and ADVERSE REACTION: Nausea Vomiting Drowsiness Dry mouth Miosis (contraction of pupil) Urinary retention Constipation or fecal impaction Orthostatic hypotension Less common SIDE EFFECTS and ADVERSE REACTION: Confusion Hallucinaation Hives Itch Bradycardia Hypothermia Raised intracranial pressure Tachycardia Flushing Muscle rigidity Most severe SIDE EFFECTS and ADVERSE REACTION: Respiratory depression Fatal overdose INTRODUCTION TO ANTI-SEIZURES: After stroke, epilepsy is the second common disorder of CNS affecting about 1% of the population worldwide. Most (80%+) cases can be well controlled with anti-seizures drugs. However, that leaves many characterized by periods of abnormal firing of CNS neurons and can be caused by many neurological conditions (i.e. tumors, injury, infection). In some cases, there is also agenetic predisposition to epilepsy. Anti-seizures medication were originally designed to help people who have epilepsy, but the nerve-calming quality of some of these drugs can also help quiet the burning, stabbing or shooting pain often caused by nerve damage. Nerve damage (neuropathy) can be caused by many factors, including: DIABETES: High blood sugar levels, common in diabetes, can damage the nerves throughout the body, but the first symptomatically is numbnessand pain in the hands and feet. SHINGLES: Anyone who has had chicken pox is at risk of shingles a rash of blisters that can be painful or itchy. A condition called postherpetic neuralgia occurs if shingles pain persists after the rash disappears. Because the risk of shingles increases with age, evryone everyone everyone age 60 or older should receive the zoster vaccine which can help prevent this painful condition. CHEMOTHERAPY: Some chemotherapy drugs can damage nerves causing pain and numbness that typically begins in the tip of toes and fingers. HERNIATED DISK: Nerve damage can occur if a herniated in your spine squeezes a nerve passing through your vertebrae too tightly. INHERITED NEUROPATHIES: Some neuropathies are passed on genetically and affects different nerves, depending upon the type of disorder. The most common hereditary neuropathy is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease which affects motor and sensory nerves. MECHANISMS OF ANTI-SEIZURE DRUGS: Exact mechanism of anti-seizues drugs are not well understood but tese medications appear to interfere with the over react transmission of pain signals sent from damaged nerves. Some anti-seizures work particularly well for certain conditions. Carbamazepine is prescribed for trigeminal neurolgia, a condition that causes facial painn appears as electrical shocks. It is important note that FDA has issued a warning that all anti-seizures associated with a slight increased risk of suicidal thoughts or actions. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing feeling of depression or suicidal thoughts. GABAPENTIN: Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial and some generalized seizures. Few lasting side effects. During the first week of treatment, a person may experience tiredness and dizziness. PHENYTOIN: Controls partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Also can be given by intravenously in the hospital to rapid control active seizures. Side effects include dizziness, fatigue, acne, slurred speech, rash, and increase hair. Over the long term the drug can cause bone thinning. VALPROIC ACID: Used to treat partial, absence and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tremor, hair loss, reduced attention, depression in adults, irritability in children, a decrease in thinking speed. Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning, swelling of the ankles, liver damage, decreased platelets. INTRODUCTION TO ANTI-PSYCHOTICS: A person who is psychic out of touch with the reality. People with psychosis may hear voices or have strange and illogical ideas for eg, thinking that others can hear their thought or are trying to harm them or they are president o f us or some famous person. They may get excited or angry with no apparent reason, or spend lots of time by themselves or in bed, sleeping during the day and awake at night. The person may neglect appearance, not bathing or changing clothes, hard to talk to- barely talking or saying things that make non-sense. They often are initially unaware that their condition is an illness. These kinds of behavior are symptoms of a psychotic illness such as schizophrenia. Anti-psychotic drugs reduces these symptoms. These medications cannot cure the disease but they can take away many of the symptoms or make them mild. In some cases, they can shorten the course of episode of illness well. There are number of anti-psychotic medications available. These medications affect the neurotransmitter that allow communication between nerve cells. One such neurotransmitter, dopamine, is thought to be relevant to schizophrenia symptoms. All thes e medications have some effect for schizophrenia. The main differences are in their potency that is the dosage prescribed to produce therapeutic effect. Some people may think that thehigher doses of medication prescribed the more serious the illness but this is not always true. The 1990s saw the development of several new drugs for schizophrenia called atypical antipsychotics because they have fewer side effects than the older drugs, today they are often called and used as afirst line of treatment. The first atypical antipsychotic drug was introduces in 1990. In clinical trials, these medications were found to be more effective than conventional or typical Antipsychotic drugs in individuals with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, that is not responded to other drugs and the risk of tardive dyskinesia ( a movement disorder was lower). However because of the potential side effects of serious blood disorder -agranulocytosis, white blood cells loss that fight infection. Patient who are on clozapine must have a blood test on every 1 or 2 weeks. The inconvenience and cost of blood tests and the medication itself have made maintenance for adults for many people. Several other atypical antipsychotics have been developed since clozapine was introduced. INDICATIONS OF ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS: Common conditions with which antipsychotics might be used include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and delusional disorder. Antipsychotics might also be used to counter psychosis associated with a wide range of other diagnoses, such as psychotic depression. However, not all symptoms require heavy medication and hallucinations and delusions should only be treated if they distress the patient or produce dangerous behaviors. For non-psychotic disorders: In addition, antipsychotics are increasingly used to treat non-psychotic disorders. For example, they are sometimes used off-label to manage aspects of Tourette syndrome or autism spectrum disorders. They have multiple off-label uses as an augmentation agent (i.e. in addition to another medication), for example in treatment-resistant depression essive, anti-impulsive, anti-suicidal and hypnotic (sleep) medications. Antipsychotics have also been increasingly used off-label in cases of dementia in older people, and for various disorders and difficulties in children and teenagers. A survey of children with pervasive developmental disorder found that 16.5% were taking an antipsychotic drug, most commonly to alleviate mood and behavioral disturbances characterized by irritability, aggression, and agitation. Recently, risperidone was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism. Antipsychotics are sometimes used as part of compulsory treatment via inpatient (hospital) commitment or outpatient commitment. This may involve various methods to persuade a person to take the medication, or actual physical force. Administration may rely on an injectable form of the drug rather than tablets. The injection may be of a long-lasting type known as a depot injection, usually applied at the top of the buttocks. Those that are available in injectable form are haloperidol, olanzapine, and ziprasidone while those available as depot are haloperidol, flupenthixol, clopenthixol, and risperidone. Antipsychotics are among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $22 billion in global sales in 2008. By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3.21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an estimated $2.82 billion. Over 2/3 of prescriptions were for the newer more expensive atypicals, each costing on average $164 compared to $40 for the older types. By 2008, sales in the US reached $14.6 billion, the biggest selling drugs in the US by therapeutic class. The number of prescriptions for children and adolescents doubled to 4.4 million between 2003 and 2006, in part because of increases in diagnoses of bipolar disorder. Due to the chronic nature of the treated disorders, antipsychotic medications, once started, are seldom discontinued, and the aim of the treatment is often to gradually reduce dosage to a minimum safe maintenance dose that is enough to control the symptoms. Only when the side-effects have become too severe and/or a patient have been symptom-free for a long periods of discontinuation carefully attempted. MULTIPLE MEDICATIONS: Antipsychotic medications can produce unwanted effects when taken with other medications therefore, doctor should be told about all the medications being taken including over -the-counter medications and vitamin, mineral, and herbal supplements and the extent of alcohol use. Some antipsychotic interfere with anti-hypertensive drugs (taking for high blood pressure), anticonvulsants (taken for epilepsy) and medicine used for parkinsons disease. Other anti-psychotic add to the effect of a alcohol and other CNS depressants such as anti-histamines, barbiturates, anti-depressants, some sleeping and pain medications and narcotics. OTHER EFFECTS: Long term treatment of schizophrenia with one of the older, or, conventional antipsychotics may cause to develop tardiye dyskinesia. Tardiye dyskinesia is a condition characterized by involuntary movements, most often around the mouth. It may range from mild to severe. In some people, it cannot be reversed, while others recoverd partially or completely. Tardiye dyskinesia is sometimes in people with schizophrenia who have never been treated with an antipsychotic medications is called spontaneous dyskinesia however, it is most often seen after long term treatment with older antipsychotic medications. The risk has been reduced with newer atypical medications. There is a higher incidence in women, and the risk increases with the age. The possible risks of long-term treatment with with an anti-psychotic medications must be weighed against the benefit in each case. The risk of TD is 5% per year with older medications. It is less with newer medications. PSYCHOTIC DISORDER CAUSES: Functional causes of psychosis include the following: Drug abuse amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismalcohol among others. Brain damage Schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder Bipolar disorder (manic depression) Severe clinical depression Severe psychosocial stress Sleep deprivation. Some traumatic events. DOSAGES AND SIDE EFFECTS: Some medications are very potent and prescribed in low doses, others are not as potent and higher doses are prescribed. Most side effects of antipsychotic drugs are mild. Many common ones lessens or disappear after the first week of treatment. these includes drowsiness, rapid heart beat and dizziness when posture changes. Some people may gain weight while taking medications and need to pay extra attention to diet or exercise to control their weight. All anti-psychotic drugs tend to block D2- receptors in the dopamine pathways of the brain. This means that dopamine released in these pathways has less effect. Excess release of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway has been linked to psychotic experiences. It is the blockade of dopamine receptors in the pathway that is thought to control psychotic experience. Typical antipsychotic are not particularly selective and also block dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, tuberoinfundibular pathway and the nigrostriatal pathway. Blocking D2- receptor s in these pathway is thought to produce some of the unwanted effects which typical antipsychotics produce. LITHIUM, MOOD STABILIZING DRUGS, AND OTHER TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER: Bipolar disorder once known as manic-depressive illness, was conceived of as a psychotic disorder distinct from schizophrenia at the end of the 19th century. Before that both of these disorders were considered part of a continuum. It is ironic that the weight of the evidence today is that there is profound overlap in these disorders. This is not to say that there are no pathophysiology important difference or that some drugs treatment are differentially effective in these disorders. According to DSM, they are separate disease entities while research continues to define the dimensions of these illnesses and their genetic and other biological markers. TYPES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER There are several types of bipolar disorder. Each type is identified by the pattern of episodes of mania and depression. The treatment that is best for you may differ depending on the type of bipolar disorder you have. Your doctor will look carefully to determine where your symptoms fit. Bipolar I Disorder (mania and depression) Bipolar I disorder is the classic form of the illness, as well as the most severe type of bipolar disorder. It is characterized by at least one manic episode or mixed episode. The vast majority o

michael jordan :: essays research papers

In Jim Naughton’s book Taking To The Air, the main character is Michael Jordan. The book is Jordan’s life and talents. Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born February 17, 1963, in Brooklyn, New York. He was the fourth child and the youngest of three boys. Michael JoMichael Jordan was one of five children born to James and Delores Jordan. He was born February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn. The Jordans' felt that the streets of Brooklyn were unsafe to raise a young family of five children. Instead of trying to endure the streetrdan is by any measure, the most popularWhat is Basketball without Michael Jordan When someone says the name Michael Jordan, the first thing that might come to mind is basketball, Nike shoes, or Wheaties. Through the years Michael Jordan has proved time and time again that he is the greatest basketball player ever and by doing that heMichael Jordan: King of the Court   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I began my report I didn’t know much about Michael Jordan, but I did know that he was â€Å"undoubtedly the greatest player in the history of the NBA† (â€Å"Michael Air Jordan† 1). It seemed like every time I heard the word basketball I also heard the name Michael Michael Jordan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twenty-four seconds left on the shot clock. Fans in the Utah Jazz’s Arena (the Delta Center) sitting on the edge of their seats while Michael Jordan dribbles the ball down the floor; he does a killer crossover on Bryan Russell of the Utah Jazz. Michael pulls up for the game winniâ€Å"Michael Jordan is the best ever. There shouldn’t be any question in anyone’s mind. There are no ifs, ands or buts about it. He broke the mold. There is no one remotely close to him, Nate Thurmond says. Look at all the finals, he always carried his team. He willed them to another title eaMICHAEL JORDAN: A MARKETER'S DREAM by Celeste Michaels Michael Jordan's retirement from the NBA came as a shock to the entire sports world. After winning an unprecedented third straight NBA title the man who many people touted as the greatest to ever play the game, not to mention king of all endovWhen someone says the name Michael Jordan, the first thing that comes to mind is basketball, The Chicago Bulls and Nike shoes.

Information System Essay -- essays research papers fc

1. Introduction It is generally accepted that information is a vital commodity for the successful operation of today’s organizations. Nowadays modern business organizations are using computerized information systems in order to obtain such information. However as the technology advances rapidly the main issue is how can an organization should effectively use such an information system - which its management sometimes can be unpredictable - in order to effectively help the whole organization structure to improve and take the most out of it. This report will try to analyze intranet and its impact on the use of information in organizations, as well as what actions an organization might take to make the most effective use of it. 2. What is intranet? A lot of definitions have been given about the meaning of intranet. Non-technical management define it as â€Å"anything that runs on the internal network†, while software engineers (developers) define it as â€Å"a client-server application developed using Web tools that runs in an internal network† - Intranetjournal.com - Initially the intranet was used fundamentally for sharing information such as policies, procedures and forms. However, the next intranet generation creates a collaborative medium that provides users quick, comprehensive access to everything their jobs require – files, programs, and people, both inside and outside the organization – while capturing and managing each person’s work so that others in turn can find and use it. Fundamentally the most basic intranet applications in use today - techweb.com - are: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deliver internal BBS – and corporate – information sources, such as phone directories, HR databases, forms, and discussion threads. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Offer a foundation for moving information among offices and departments, whether around the corner at the same site, or across sites on a private internet. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Support day to day business functions, such as sales tracking, order processing, delivery status, etc. 3. Technology surrounding intranet Network infrastructure: Network connections on every desktop. Hardware platforms: This is usually based on the existing platform used in the organization. For example, an NT-based organization will probably select a server with an Intel Processor while a Sun Micro system Inc shop will pro... ...ions such as: why an intranet is a crucial tool for geographically – scattered groups, how to change user behavior and increase intranet usage, what security issues do appear when implementing intranet systems and what can be done. At the end the reports examines the socio-technical approach, which approach connects four aspects (people, organization, technology, tasks) and examines their inter relationship when implementing information systems to organizations. At the end of the report the writer comes out with his conclusions and recommendations. Bibliography - References -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H.D.Clifton & A.G. Sutcliffe (1994), Business Information Systems, – 5th edition – -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  G. Curtis (1995), Business Information Systems, – 2nd edition – -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  T.H. Davenport (1997), Information Ecology, – 1st edition – -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.intranetjournal.com -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.zdnet.com -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.techweb.com -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cio.com -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emerald, electronic database library

Missing - Charles Horman is Us :: Movie Film Essays

Missing - Charles Horman is Us [1] How I came to choose Missing as the focus of my project is as a result of the learning experience I have been engaged in during my college career. Having first seen the film for a class, I thought of it as nothing more than a movie about something monumental that happened in Chile more than two decades ago. I watched it, unhappily, thinking about all the other things I could be doing, and even falling asleep during some of it. In the time between my first viewing of Missing and embarking on this most recent project, I have learned a great deal about history, politics, and people. My views on all three of those subjects are constantly changing, with each new piece of information I receive further complicating my thoughts. Missing has gone from a movie, the title of which I had difficulty recalling, to being a thought provoking exposition that has forced me to examine, evaluate, and reevaluate almost everything that had once been certain in my own mind. [2] Missing is a rather confusing film to follow at first. Admittedly, I had to view it a few times to understand what was happening. Perhaps the initial feeling after seeing this film is confusion. However, after having watched it a second, fourth, eighth time, what I really felt was anger. Each time I watched the film, the anger and disgust would grow, so much so that it pained me to watch it again. However, in identifying the cause of my anger, I began to realize many things. [3] The United States government denied having knowledge of Charles Horman’s disappearance. It denied any accusations, especially those of U.S. complicity in the coup. U.S. government officials seemed accommodating and willing to help. But Charles was still nowhere to be found. Perhaps he was hiding from the government because of his political views. Perhaps he was scared that his activities would cause him harm of some sort. Impossible, his family said. Charlie had nothing to hide and no one to hide from. He was captured and no doubt in a great deal of trouble. The onus was then on the United States to find one of their missing, to come through and protect its citizens from mistreatment by foreign nations.

A Terrible Accident

On Christmas day in the year of 2006, I got a gas scooter. I was so happy when I got it, because all the kids in my neighborhood had one. After, I ate dinner on Christmas I got dress and put some warm clothes on so I could go ride my scooter. It was a cold and windy day, but the sun was shinning really bright. So, when I got finished getting dress I went outside and got on my scooter. I was riding down the street, when this boy name Trevor started chasing me. I was going so fast it felt like I was going 90mph. When I finally got to my driveway, I was going so fast that I couldn’t stop. When I turned into my driveway I went over a hump so fast that it made the scooter turn over. When I realized it had turn over, I was on ground with the scooter laying on top of me. I was screaming for help, but nobody couldn’t hear me. About 5 minutes later, Trevor was standing over me laughing, and all I could say can you please help me because I was in so much pain. I was laying on the ground about 30 minutes until I seen a car pull up. I was so happy, because I really needed so help, so when I thought they was out the car I started screaming help again and when I looked it was my cousin Tashia trying to get the scooter off of me. When she finally got the scooter off of me she helped me into the house, because I could barely walk. When I got in the house my family was looking like what happen, and I said I felled off my scooter. My leg was so burnt that some of my skin was peeling off. I had numerous of scars on my leg and my face. My mother said I think you need to go the emergency room for your leg, but I didn’t want to be in the hospital on Christmas day. When we got to the hospital the doctor examine my leg and if he touch it hurt so bad. But the doctor said I was going to be okay, he gave me some ointment to put on it and wrapped my leg some cloth. I’m so thankful until this day that Tashia came the time she did.

Mobile Ip

Checkpoint – Current State of Mobile IP Lori J. Babler IT241 September 29, 2011 Richard Pierce Checkpoint – Current State of Mobile IP After completing some internet research on Mobile IP, I discovered that it is currently being used in situations where a Mobile Network is required. A Mobile Network is a completely wireless network in which its devices are continuously moving and never really in one particular place. A completely Mobile Network requires that the devices within it have two simultaneous IP Addresses one of which is used for local networking off of the local router and another which is used when roaming into other networks. The obvious advantage to this technology is that mobile devices can have continuous connection with the internet or a mobile network without any interruption of service. The disadvantage that I felt was important is that the foreign IP address hosts must be configured as such (GANGULY, 2009). I feel that what is holding Mobile IP back is the fact that this technology is not seen by the user it isn’t knowledge to the user. Only the network administrators or engineers are aware of the configuration required to implement this technology. I also feel that because the foreign IP Hosts require configuration to become Mobile IP that there is a lapse in its popularity. Another strong reason is that the technology is still being perfected (GANGULY, 2009) and once that occurs I feel it will boom. I do think that this technology will become a standard for mobile computing eventually but just as with all technology, society needs to catch up with it first. Reference GANGULY, K. (2009). The Study of Mobile IP Retrieved from www. cs. wichita. edu/~chang/lecture/cs843/project/†¦ /kg-mobile_ip. do†¦

Student Leader Speech

Make it sound very persuasive. You need to make it seem like you are perfect for the job and have very formal. Practice it over again and again until you have perfect. Emphasize with italics at some parts, so if you're reading it aloud you can say it like that, and, if someone is reading it, they will know you're putting your voice in it†¦ Talk about issues concerning your school. Actual issues. Say why it is important to you and how you can make things better and jazz it all up. Find out from classmates what they really think the issues is. The point is to get people to listen to YOU and YOU only.You've got to be the center of attention when you're talking. Don't just read from the paper. Eye contact with many of who you're reading it to. It shows your dedicated and willing to go far. Tell your strengths. â€Å"I'd be good as Vice President of Student Council because†¦ (example) I'm a great leader, I have really great characteristics for it. I listen to the issues that my peers think should be brought up to the school. I want to make a difference so that I can make school a more enjoyable place. † Don't put ANYTHING down or bad about you in your speech.AT ALL. If you had something like â€Å"I'm a good worker but I tend not to listen well† then, I'm sorry, but you are out. Instead, say â€Å"I'm a good worker. † It shows up a lot better. Now, I know you asked for a main topic, so find out what the issues are in your school that are important to your peers AND some teachers. Once you have that, you can go straight from there. If you are really desperate and in need for a topic, write about this: â€Å"How I can make our school a better place and more enjoyable for everyone. † Just go from there, and good luck

America Experience in Nineteenth Century Essay

            During the half of nineteenth century in America, it really brought in experience to the recently happenings. Throughout this period, more individuals were trying so hard to carve out their own versions of the American dream and create their own definition on citizenship. Despite the obvious diversity of experience, most historians such as, Andrew Carnegie, Mary Church Tyrell and minor individuals argue that the mentioned experience shared commonalities are the foundation of American experience.                  Andrew Carnegie tries too hard to explain the gospel of wealth whereby he states that the rich and the poor can be tied together in harmonious relationship by proper administration of wealth. He says that the contrast between millionaires and cottage laborers currently measures change that has come with civilization. This change in wealth approves to be so beneficial and essential for the progress of the race in refinements of civilization that a house is the household for all. There is no bias in the change in the wealth since today the world obtains commodities at excellent quality prices in which the poor and the rich can enjoy with no prejudice (Andrew 23).                There is a great indifference lynching on the side of the church due to barbarism at homes (Mary 178). She pledges to the forei.gn missionary work that they should inaugurate crusades against barbarism at homes that has conformed hundreds of people into savage. This context is contrary rebellious to biblical teachings since only ignorance and lawlessness to date has led to people criticizing the effort put forth by the churches in the Negro’s behalf.                     During the times, there were wars and fight that took over so as they could get lands to settle in. they fought with the Indians, took over their properties such as, horses and cattle, and carried them away (Chief Joseph 187). The Indians were left homeless and some lost their lives during the wall. The author always prayed that the white men would live as brethren and that the case today. During the times, America was so strong and worked together for a certain goal and that is why they won the battle against the Indians.                     During the century, people in America slept in a ranch and ate cook shack most of the time. During the round up, and occasional other spells, people slept in the open and ate their chuck when squatted on their haunches around the check wagon. Besides feeding on beef and beans, they played wild games whenever the cooky took the notation or one of the waddies would decide to diverge the meat deal by going out and shooting some games (Sheldon 37).                From the past, women have been held responsible for the health of the community a function that is now represented by the health department. Certainly, the military conception to educate children so as they are equipped with kindergartens andare given a decent place for play, these things have traditionally in the hands of women (Jane 64). Most of the departments in modern cities can be traced as women’s traditional activities for example; home cleanliness and wholesome was in the hands of women but recently is represented by Bureau of Teenagers House Inspection                   Chinese people were given an appeal from the American citizens, on the pedestal fund of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty. Chinese never believed in liberty since they had a lot of hardship while the other nationalities were free (American Missionary 290). This showed inhuman since other countries enjoyed liberty but Chinese did not. Chinese loved and adored liberty but they could not allow the ones denying it to them liberty invite them to a graven image and bow to it. In assumption, from the understanding about the America experience, I concur with the shared idea since most of the history can be approved by the recently happenings. References Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth, c. 1889 Chief Joseph Speech before Congress, Washington DC, 187 Mary Church Terrell, â€Å"Lynching from a Negro’s Point of View,† North American Review, 178, (1904): 853-68. Sheldon F. Gauthier. Reprinted in Jim Lanning and Judy Lanning, eds. Texas Cowboys: Jane Addams, â€Å"Women and Public Housekeeping,† 1913 American Missionary, Vol. 39 (October 1885), p. 290 Source document

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Assignment Example Without a doubt, Poe does an excellent job of portraying the narrator’s behavior. The narrator is unable to explain his behavior clearly because his action of frightening the old man and then killing him was too spontaneous. As mentioned above, he is so befuddled and is driven mad by the guilty that he just could not beg to confess. One cannot diminish the fact that Poe provides a comprehensive understand of paranoia and mental corrosion of the narrator. In order to enhance the suspense, Poe deliberately adds key details of memories that the murderer confesses to such as the old man’s eyes and his heartbeat. In this particular instance, the â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† depicts the psychological contradictions that one man faces as he tries to justify his brutal murder of an innocent old man. The justifications almost seemed that the man killed his victim due to self-defense when clearly that was not the case. Poe tries to depict the act of a criminal’s mind and his absurd obsession with the old man. Poe excels to depict this story in such a way that makes the narrator seem normal but insane at the same. Clearly, the narrator is confused with mixed emotions as he both loves and hates the old man. The true sense of love is shown as observes the man but then kills him due to hate.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignment - Essay Example Controlling obesity is more about changing one’s lifestyle, incorporating healthy activities in daily routine. So maybe lawmakers need to consider making bicycles and gym memberships cheaper. Besides, it is a universal phenomenon that children are inclined to do what they’re told not to, and considering obesity is on the rise in children aged 2 to 19, it is really not a smart idea to tell them their favorite food items are expensive and therefore call for a rebellion. According to me, taxing pizzas and sodas is unfair to the consumers who are conscientious about their choice of toppings and who actually take time to pick out the lesser of the evils for personal benefit. Even the healthy eaters will bear the brunt of this legislature, if passed, leaving many unsettled consumers. If the government actually is this concerned about peoples well being then they should consider bringing down the prices of healthy commodities. This article very rightly also raises the question of what food items are considered â€Å"healthy† and which ones aren’t and also who decides this. Chips are considered high-calorie, but then again you also have oven baked varieties. It all comes down to making a choice, which should be an individual’s own. References Berr, Jonathan. Daily Finance. "First a Soda Tax, Now a Pizza Tax: The Food Police March on".

The fundamental points at issue between the Keynesian and classical Essay - 1

The fundamental points at issue between the Keynesian and classical traditions in UK - Essay Example The Great Depression did last approximately for a decade. It was the period between early 1931 and March 1933 when the depression became great and spread to other nations. The period of Great Depression is mainly recalled for significant unemployment, massive poverty and political turbulence that it caused. For the period of 1931-1940, the rate of unemployment was hovering around 18 percent. During the period of Great Depression net investment was negative and there was a massive fall in consumer price index as well. Between 1929 and 1933, the consumer price index dropped by 25 percent approximately. (Dornbusch and Fischer, 1994) Classical economists did not provide any elaborate explanations for such a huge economic downturn in developed nations like UK, USA and others. However, Keynes has recognized unchecked market movement as the prime reason behind such a great economic downfall. Classical economists mainly focused on the supply side of the economy to search for reason for this depression. However, Keynes held the aggregate demand side of the economy with great importance and recommended counter cyclical fiscal measures to improve aggregate demand. During 1933-1937, some recovery took place in the economy. Real GNP experienced a rapid growth at a rate of almost 9 percent annually. This rapid growth in GNP, however, fell to make a significant fall in the rate of unemployment. In 1938, another economic recession struck the economy and pushed unemployment rate up to 20 percent once again. The Great Depression caused a number of nations to change their political structure as many economists including Keynes considered this severe recession a result of unchecked capitalism. (Dornbusch and Fischer, 1994) There are two major schools of thought in the field of macroeconomics- Keynesian and Classical. Like other developed nations, UK used to follow Classical policy tools to deal with its

China will be the next global superpower Research Paper

China will be the next global superpower - Research Paper Example Defining a Superpower When we look at the generic use of the term ‘super power’, the term refers to those selective states with power. Power in this perspective is defined by a series of prominent variables put together. These could be economic wealth, population size, military strength, and the possession of sophisticated nuclear armaments. Alice Lyman Miller, a professor at the National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School defines a super power in the following words â€Å"a country that has the capacity to project dominating power and influence anywhere in the world, and sometimes, in more than one region of the globe at a time." A super power comprises of four components that are dominant over all other qualifying elements; Military, economic, political and cultural. Hegemony, a Greek term for leadership plays a critical role in paving way for this supremacy. It is the ability to dictate policies of other nations. If we look back towards Roman and British empires this feat was accomplished by brute force. Germany attempted to benefit from it in the late 1930s and Russia’s efforts to work at it never really succeeded in the global sense. China however is often looked upon as regionally hegemonic. The U.S. achieved hegemony not just through sheer military might but through economic, political and cultural influence – factors that many perceive are diminishing now. A few years back, the presidential hopeful Ron Paul echoed what many analysts perceive: The "dollar hegemony" — U.S. currency's strength and attractiveness —  has been a key factor in U.S. dominance, but "our dollar dominance is coming to an end." And China has become a great power in a "spectacular" rise over the past two decades (Miller). China China is one of the earliest recorded human settlements in the world with nearly 4000 years of continuous history. It covers an Area of 16,800 square kilometers and has a population of about $1.3 7 billion. It is a communist state and its GDP is about $ 4.99 Trillion. Its currency is the Yuan and the capital of China is Beijing (China facts, web). China's population of 1.3 billion renders it the most populous nation on earth, accounting for a fifth of the world's population; while at almost 10 million square kilometers it is the third largest country after Russia and Canada. Its 2.25 million troops form the world's largest armed force. China's reputation as a major military power is crowned by the possession of nuclear weapons that are capable of all ranges and delivery modes. Economically, it is the world's fourth largest trading nation, having risen from 32nd  in 1978 and 10th  in 1997. Its GDP at 13% of world output (at purchasing power parity) is second to the US. China, inheritor of 5,000 years of civilization, is also the world's fastest developing economy in the present age, having grown an average of 9.5% annually for the past 20 years. Such high growth rates, lo w labor costs and a huge emerging market, have attracted the world's highest levels of foreign direct investment. Since China joined the World Trade Organization in December 2001, it has also become one of the most open economies in the developing world, with average tariffs dropping from 41% in 1992 to 6% after accession to WTO. China’s education system Despite the economic, military and political growth of China its education system due to the presence

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions Essay

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions - Essay Example Most employees perceive orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics Ð °s one of the most importÐ °nt fÐ °ctors which support positive climÐ °te Ð °nd morÐ °le. This dynÐ °mic interrelÐ °tionship provides one with the Ð °bility to tÐ °lk to oneself in terms of the community to which one belongs Ð °nd lÐ °y upon oneself the responsibilities thÐ °t belong to the community. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics involves Ð °ll importÐ °nt issues which help the society Ð °nd the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion to sÐ °ve nÐ °turÐ °l environment tÐ °king into Ð °ccount morÐ °l duties Ð °nd responsibilities for current Ð °nd future generÐ °tions. This politics cÐ °n be interpreted Ð °s Ð ° philosophy of the industry Ð °nd its morÐ °l guide. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics helps mÐ °nÐ °gement to creÐ °te positive Ð °ttitudes Ð °nd strong vÐ °lues, increÐ °se productivity Ð °nd improve performÐ °nce (Certo and Certo 2005). 2. MÐ °nÐ °gement of stress, Ð °n integrÐ °l pÐ °rt of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l behÐ °vior, hÐ °s Ð °ssumed Ð ° vitÐ °l strÐ °tegic role Ð °s orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l Ð °ttempt to compete through people. The compÐ °ny creÐ °tes Ð ° competitive Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °ge when it possesses or develops humÐ °n resources thÐ °t Ð °re psychologicÐ °lly strong, Ð °nd orgÐ °nized. My orgÐ °nizÐ °tion uses different techniques to help employees get out of stress. The most common techniques Ð °re identifying Ð °nd Ð °nÐ °lyzing the cÐ °uses of stress, etc. Ð  speciÐ °l Ð °ttention is pÐ °id to the seculÐ °r Ð °pproÐ °ch to stress mÐ °nÐ °gement. This Ð °pproÐ °ch is bÐ °sed on understÐ °nding the meÐ °ning Ð °nd purpose of live. In the field of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l behÐ °vior, the seculÐ °r Ð °pproÐ °ch helps to understÐ °nd significÐ °nce of the work Ð °nd personÐ °l vÐ °lue. Using this Ð °pproÐ °ch, employees cÐ °n Ð °void stressful situÐ °tions, or better to sÐ °y, they chÐ °nge their Ð °ttitude towÐ °rds unpleÐ °sÐ °nt events Ð °t the work plÐ °ce, Ð °nd leÐ °rn how to reÐ °ct to externÐ °l chÐ °llenges. If Ð °n employee hÐ °s strong personÐ °l beliefs it helps him to

Bike renting service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bike renting service - Essay Example At the same time, survey data in 2008 Olympic Scientific Congress showed that 65.68% University students lack of exercise (). Accompanied with the increasing environmental awareness and the economic crisis, biking has become more and more the preferred method of transportation. Even disregarding the savings potential, cycling also has many health benefits. As more oxygen is intake it speeds up blood circulation; this can also prevent of brain aging. Periodic aerobic exercise consumes many calories and can affect significant weight loss as well. Moreover, due to the improvements in one’s muscle, heart and lungs, cycling aids longevity. In a recent survey by the International Health Commission, postmen live longer than any other occupation. One of the major reasons is because they often deliver letters by bike. Following these reasons, it is useful to build a bike rental service in Scarborough campus. Not only can this make the traffic more convenient but it also can protect the environment and help students stay fit. The purpose of this research was first to investigate whether the respondents would be interested in a bike renting service. Secondly, to try and find out a suitable price that could be accepted by the renters and what accessories should be afforded, to target future campaigns effectively. Furthermore, it will assess the limitations of the plan and the feasibility of the project. The purpose of this report was to carry out an independent investigation on a feasible and practical service or facility that you feel could be introduced to enhance life on Scarborough Campus. Most of the data used in this research report was primary data collected through on-line questionnaires and some interviews. The reason for this is that primary data is more suitable to research on campus service planning. Data can be collected from the target market,

Scientic psychology cannot live with folk psychology and cannot live Essay

Scientic psychology cannot live with folk psychology and cannot live without it - Essay Example Folk psychology explains people actions in terms of their goals however scientific psychology explains actions of individuals based on what leads them to undertake these actions. Despite the distinction scientific psychology still has some normative aspects and for this reason cannot live without folk psychology. Folk psychology has been challenged by scientific psychology and this is based on how folk psychology results are achieved, in most cases folk psychology results will conflict with results of scientific psychology. For this reason therefore it is very difficult to choose which results best explain human behavior, due to conflicting results of the two disciplines scientific psychology tend to criticize the results of folk psychology and for this reason scientific psychology cannot live with folk psychology. Folk psychology assumes that people already know why they tend to believe in their actions and why they take these actions, according to scientific psychology people are not aware of why they take certain actions, this is a conflict of assumption and therefore it is evident that scientific psychology cannot live with folk psychology. According to Stephen Stitch it is possible to undertake scientific psychology without folk psychology where he gave an example using beliefs. ... gave an example of a day that had rained and the two characters X and Y are asked to narrate on what had happened, X said that the day had rained very heavily and Y said that it did not rain very heavily. He posed the question who of the two individuals was telling the truth, however Stephen Stitch said that these two persons may telling the truth but it depends on their understanding and observations on the way they have learned from the groups, that is family or friends on how they belief in a particular aspect. According to J.B Watson it is possible to identify someone's behavior at his or her current age as long as he or she is not in the childhood age but it depends on how the person behaves and socializes. For this reason therefore Watson verifies that it is only necessary to study the persons behavior without taking into consideration believes of the individuals, in his statement he states that it is possible for scientific psychology to live without folk. Folk Psychology assumes that an individual can directly explain the different feelings they experience, this is to say that individuals are well aware of what they feel and why they feel it, on the other hand scientific psychology agues that individuals feeling are based on the inferences about changes in what they are undergoing. For this reason therefore there is a conflict of assumptions that people are ware of their feelings and for this reason both disciplines will yield different results, for this reason therefore scientific psychology cannot live with folk psychology. Why scientific psychology cannot live without folk psychology: Despite the many reasons why scientific psychology cannot live with folk psychology it is evident that scientific psychology cannot live without folk psychology, folk

Democratic ticket Essay Example for Free

Democratic ticket Essay Alvin Greene’s win was as a result of good, hard work. The models of voting used favored him. Research on models of voting shows that a candidate should be smart and sharp during campaigns. Models used by voters influence voting choice. Some of these models include Ballot Position Effect also known as Name Order Effect, Mere Exposure Effect, Name Letter Effect and No Information Voting. Use of research papers such as, Who is Alvin Greene by Mark, Greene on the Issues by Buster Brown, among others listed on the reference list shows the different types of models of voting. Questions asking advantages of using one or more or more models, limitation of each model, strengths and weaknesses of one model to another have been researched. The conclusion of this research shows ways which influence the behavior of voters. It summarizes the effects of different models applied and the effect they have on a candidate. Alvin Greene, an unemployed army veteran, is the winning candidate using the Democratic ticket. He has surprised analysts, pundits, and academics by winning with more than 58 percent of the votes. However victory was not a surprise for him because he worked hard and therefore earned it. His campaigns were simple; he traveled with friends, friends of friends and family members. He did not have any campaign website; neither did he put out signs nor fliers. Alvin’s victory was as a result of good, hard work. The phrase Get South Carolina Back to Work which was his campaign slogan had been acquired through Greene being motivated to run for one of South Carolina’s two senate seats to help Get South Carolina Back to Work. He had his priorities straight which included; focusing on jobs, education and Justice in the judicial system. These issues helped him rally against his running mate DeMint (Robert, Para. 5). Greene’s winning had benefited from unusual circumstances. One of them was his name appearing first in Alphabetical order on a ballot for U. S senate. This effect is called the Ballot Position Effect or Name Order. The candidate being listed first increases his or her performance by 2. 5 points as the average. This has primacy effect and affects a person psychologically in that people making a choice from a visual list considers top as best choice (Valerie, Para. 6). Secondly, Greene was able to win as a result of Mere Exposure Effect. In this type of model of voting, it is believed that the more a person is exposed to a certain stimulus, the more he or she is inclined to liking it. In this case Greene is a more common type of word compared to Rawl. Another type of model of voting is Name Letter Effect. This model holds that people prefer names that share their own initials. No Information Voting is also a type of model used to vote in USA. This is where voting is done with the voters having less or no information about the subject. In this case, the name order effect rises as voters get down the ballot to a candidate they know little about. Models of voting influence vote choice. Choice voting, a form of proportional representation is widely used by world’s established democracies. It gives political parties and candidates an assurance to gain the percentage of legislative seats reflecting their support by the public. Choice voting is a form of limited voting where voters maximize their ballot. Every model of voting has its advantages which affect vote choice. The Name Order Effect favors the candidate who appears first on the ballot. This is because the person voting might have no information about candidates on the ballot, therefore will go for the candidate appearing first with the assumption first is best. Secondly, Mere Exposure Effect gives the candidate who is more exposed to a certain stimulus an advantage and a higher chance of being voted. For example if it is the name, Greene and Rawl, Greene is a more common word, and voters are inclined to liking it. Other voters will use the No Information Voting type of model which will be an advantage to the candidate appearing first in the ballot. This is because voters will again tend to think that first is always the best and will vote for the person who appears first on the ballot. The voters have less or no information about the candidate and they will assume that if they vote the first one, chances are the person is the best (Mark, Para. 4). However, these models of voting may have limitations. A model may favor one candidate but be a shortcoming to other candidates on the ballot. When candidates use Ballot Position Effect, the candidates who appear at the bottom of the ballot will have less chances of winning the elections compared to the candidate appearing first. Similarly if voters use the No Information Voting type of model voting, voters will assume that the first is most likely the best causing the candidates who appear at the bottom of the ballot less likely to win. Sometimes, voters will use Mere Exposure Effect as their voting choice. This type of model of voting will give the candidate with a less exposed stimulus less chances of being voted in. If there is a candidate whose name is more exposed compared to other candidates’ names then that type of voting model will be a limitation to the candidates. Similarly, if the candidates use the Name Letter Effect when voting, a candidate with names that share initials with that of the voter will have a higher chance of being voted in compared to the candidate whose initials do not match with those of the person voting (Can Anyone Explain How Alvin Greene Actually Won Para. 1). When compared, all these types of voting models are related to one another. They can either be related through their strengths or weaknesses. Each one of them has their own strengths or weaknesses. Ballot Exposure Effect also known as Name Order Effect is related to No Information Effect in both strengths and weaknesses. Due to a voter having no information about the subject, the person can opt to vote for the candidate who appears first on the ballot. This is strength to the candidate appearing first on the ballot paper. On the other hand, it can still be a weakness because the person appearing last on the ballot might be the best candidate but loses because the name appears last. There is also a relation between Mere Exposure Effect and Name Letter Effect. When the name of the voter and that of the candidate match, then automatically their initials match. Voters using these types of model voting will relate their names and that of the candidate with a certain stimulus which they are exposed to in relation to the matching of their initials. In some cases, a candidate can be favored by majority of the model of voting, whereby a candidate appears first on the ballot, is exposed to a certain stimulus and the voters have no or less information about the candidates. Here the three types of model voting will be related to the candidate being voted or not being voted (Buster, Para. 3). CONCLUSION Models of voting being the behavior in which people vote can be influenced psychologically, socially or economically. As a candidate it is important to know about the people and their expectations during campaigns. Different types of voting affect vote choice in different ways. As a candidate, it is wise to make one known to the voters. This way, voters are able to avoid No Information Voting which leads to Name Order Effect. It is also advisable for candidates to address key issues which affect the people. This way a candidate is able to let the people be conversant with him or her. Reference List Buster Brown. Alvin Greene on the issues:Candidate gets beyond the headlines. Available at:http://www. charlestoncitypaper. com/charleston/alvin-greene-on-the-issues/Content? oid=2121463 Can Anyone Explain How Alvin Greene Actually Won? Available at:http://www. newsweek. com/2010/06/17/can-anyone-explain-how-alvin-greene-actually-won. html Mark Leibovich. Who’s Alvin Greene? State Asks After Vote. Available at:http://www. nytimes. com/2010/06/12/us/politics/12greene. html? _r=1src=mv Robert J. Baker. Local Dems had never met Greene Available at;http://www. theitem. com/news/local_news/article_0524b36c-ec80-5eba-882f-713558543451. html Valerie Bauerlein. Puzzle Roils South Carolina Contest. Available at:http://www. marioguerrero. info/ps151/wsjarticle. html